Rabbit Hole: Acute Pain Management

Guidelines

• Hachimi-Idrissi, S.,Coffey, F.,Dobias V., Hautz,W., Leach, R., Sauter, T., Sforzi, I. (2020). Guidelines for the management of acute pain in emergency situations. The European Society for Emergency Medicine (EUSEM). Accessed: 25 October 2021.

• Hachimi-Idrissi S, Dobias V, Hautz WE, Leach R, Sauter TC, Sforzi I, Coffey F. Approaching acute pain in emergency settings; European Society for Emergency Medicine (EUSEM) guidelines-part 2: management and recommendations. Intern Emerg Med. 2020 Oct;15(7):1141-1155. doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02411-2. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PMID: 32930964.

• Sergey Motov,Reuben Strayer, Bryan Hayes, Mark Reiter,Steven Rosenbaum, Melanie Richman, Zachary Repanshek, Scott Taylor, Benjamin Friedman. AAEM White Paper on Acute Pain Management in the Emergency Department. Accessed: 26 October 2021.   *Position Paper

• Schwenk ES, Viscusi ER, Buvanendran A, Hurley RW, Wasan AD, Narouze S, Bhatia A, Davis FN, Hooten WM, Cohen SP. Consensus Guidelines on the Use of Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Acute Pain Management From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Jul;43(5):456-466. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000806. PMID: 29870457; PMCID: PMC6023582.

• Hsu, Joseph R. MD*; Mir, Hassan MD†; Wally, Meghan K. MSPH*; Seymour, Rachel B. PhD*; the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Musculoskeletal Pain Task Force Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pain Management in Acute Musculoskeletal Injury, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma: May 2019 – Volume 33 – Issue 5 – p e158-e182doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001430

• Bernard, A., Oyler, D.,et.al,. (2020). ACS TRAUMA QUALITY PROGRAMS: GUIDELINES FOR ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT IN TRAUMA PATIENTS. Accessed: 25 October 2021

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Primary Literature

NSAIDS & Acetaminophen

• Motov S, Yasavolian M, Likourezos A, Pushkar I, Hossain R, Drapkin J, Cohen V, Filk N, Smith A, Huang F, Rockoff B, Homel P, Fromm C. Comparison of Intrav         enous Ketorolac at Three Single-Dose Regimens for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Aug;70(2):177-184. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.10.014. Epub 2016 Dec 16. PMID: 27993418.

• Motov S, Masoudi A, Drapkin J, Sotomayor C, Kim S, Butt M, Likourezos A, Fassassi C, Hossain R, Brady J, Rothberger N, Flom P, Marshall J. Comparison of Oral Ibuprofen at Three Single-Dose Regimens for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Oct;74(4):530-537. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.05.037. Epub 2019 Aug 2. PMID: 31383385.

• Collins D. Ibuprofen for acute pain relief in the emergency department. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2020 Mar 3:bmjebm-2019-111312. doi: 10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111312. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32127374.

• Patiñio JL, Mejía SN, Ramos EQ. Efecto analgésico del etofenamato en el manejo de las lumbalgias agudas en urgencias [Etofenamate and the analgesic effect in the management of acute pain from spine in the emergency room]. Acta Ortop Mex. 2007 Sep-Oct;21(5):253-5. Spanish. PMID: 18159913.

• Carne X, Rios J, Torres F. Postmarketing cohort study to assess the safety profile of oral dexketoprofen trometamol for mild to moderate acute pain treatment in primary care. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;31(8):533-40. doi: 10.1358/mf.2009.31.8.1419070. PMID: 19967102.

• Shrikant Kulkarni N. No Added Benefit with Higher Doses of Ketorolac for Treatment of Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Aug 15;96(4):262. PMID: 28925661.

• Milani GP, Benini F, Dell’Era L, Silvagni D, Podestà AF, Mancusi RL, Fossali EF; PIERRE GROUP STUDY. Acute pain management: acetaminophen and ibuprofen are often under-dosed. Eur J Pediatr. 2017 Jul;176(7):979-982. doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-2944-6. Epub 2017 Jun 10. PMID: 28600631.
• Bijur PE, Friedman BW, White D, Wollowitz A, Campbell C, Jones MP, Chang AK, Gallagher EJ. Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous (IV) Acetaminophen as an Adjunct to IV Hydromorphone for Acute Severe Pain in Emergency Department Patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Aug;27(8):717-724. doi: 10.1111/acem.13947. Epub 2020 Mar 24. PMID: 32077553.
• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Ata A, Campbell C, Pearlman S, White D, Chertoff A, Restivo A, Gallagher EJ. Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen as an Analgesic Adjunct for Older Adults With Acute Severe Pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2019 Apr;26(4):402-409. doi: 10.1111/acem.13556. Epub 2018 Nov 20. PMID: 30118582; PMCID: PMC6378123.
• Craig M, Jeavons R, Probert J, Benger J. Randomised comparison of intravenous paracetamol and intravenous morphine for acute traumatic limb pain in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2012 Jan;29(1):37-9. doi: 10.1136/emj.2010.104687. Epub 2011 Mar 1. PMID: 21362724.
• Lim R, Sangha G, Lepore N, Bartlett KM, Seabrook JA, Rieder M. Comparison of Regularly Scheduled Ibuprofen Versus “Pro Re Nata” for Ankle Sprains in Children Treated in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020 Dec;36(12):559-563. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002282. PMID: 33060555.
• Friedman BW, Cisewski D, Irizarry E, Davitt M, Solorzano C, Nassery A, Pearlman S, White D, Gallagher EJ. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Naproxen With or Without Orphenadrine or Methocarbamol for Acute Low Back Pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2018 Mar;71(3):348-356.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.09.031. Epub 2017 Oct 28. PMID: 29089169; PMCID: PMC5820149.
• Friedman BW, Irizarry E, Chertoff A, Feliciano C, Solorzano C, Zias E, Gallagher EJ. Ibuprofen Plus Acetaminophen Versus Ibuprofen Alone for Acute Low Back Pain: An Emergency Department-based Randomized Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Mar;27(3):229-235. doi: 10.1111/acem.13898. Epub 2020 Jan 7. PMID: 31811673.
• Msolli MA, Sekma A, Toumia M, Bel Haj Ali K, Khalil MH, Grissa MH, Bouida W, Beltaief K, Zorgati A, Methamem M, Belguith A, Boukef R, Boubaker H, Nouira S. Acetaminophen, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, or Combination of Both Analgesics in Acute Posttrauma Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2021 Feb;28(2):155-163. doi: 10.1111/acem.14169. Epub 2020 Dec 1. PMID: 33145862.

• Barnaby DP, Chertoff AE, Restivo AJ, Campbell CM, Pearlman S, White D, Bijur PE, Gallagher EJ. Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen Versus Intravenous Hydromorphone for the Treatment of Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;73(2):133-140. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.019. Epub 2018 Aug 14. PMID: 30119941.

• Bouida W, Beltaief K, Msolli MA, Ben Marzouk M, Boubaker H, Grissa MH, Zorgati A, Methamem M, Boukef R, Belguith A, Nouira S. Effect on Morphine Requirement of Early Administration of Oral Acetaminophen vs. Acetaminophen/Tramadol Combination in Acute Pain. Pain Pract. 2019 Mar;19(3):275-282. doi: 10.1111/papr.12736. Epub 2019 Feb 4. PMID: 30303612.

• Furyk J, Levas D, Close B, Laspina K, Fitzpatrick M, Robinson K, Vangaveti VN, Ray R. Intravenous versus oral paracetamol for acute pain in adults in the emergency department setting: a prospective, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J. 2018 Mar;35(3):179-184. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2017-206787. Epub 2017 Dec 15. PMID: 29247042.
• Neighbor ML, Puntillo KA. Intramuscular ketorolac vs oral ibuprofen in emergency department patients with acute pain. Acad Emerg Med. 1998 Feb;5(2):118-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02595.x. PMID: 9492131.
• Innes GD, Croskerry P, Worthington J, Beveridge R, Jones D. Ketorolac versus acetaminophen-codeine in the emergency department treatment of acute low back pain. J Emerg Med. 1998 Jul-Aug;16(4):549-56. doi: 10.1016/s0736-4679(98)00044-4. PMID: 9696169.

Ketamine

• Bowers KJ, McAllister KB, Ray M, Heitz C. Ketamine as an Adjunct to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 Jun;24(6):676-685. doi: 10.1111/acem.13172. Epub 2017 Mar 22. PMID: 28177167.

• Motov S, Drapkin J, Likourezos A, Beals T, Monfort R, Fromm C, Marshall J. Continuous Intravenous Sub-Dissociative Dose Ketamine Infusion for Managing Pain in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med. 2018 May;19(3):559-566. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2017.12.36174. Epub 2018 Mar 8. PMID: 29760856; PMCID: PMC5942025.

• Beaudoin FL, Lin C, Guan W, Merchant RC. Low-dose ketamine improves pain relief in patients receiving intravenous opioids for acute pain in the emergency department: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Nov;21(11):1193-202. doi: 10.1111/acem.12510. PMID: 25377395.

• Sin B, Tatunchak T, Paryavi M, Olivo M, Mian U, Ruiz J, Shah B, de Souza S. The Use of Ketamine for Acute Treatment of Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Emerg Med. 2017 May;52(5):601-608. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.12.039. Epub 2017 Mar 6. PMID: 28279542.

• Ahern TL, Herring AA, Anderson ES, Madia VA, Fahimi J, Frazee BW. The first 500: initial experience with widespread use of low-dose ketamine for acute pain management in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;33(2):197-201. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.11.010. Epub 2014 Nov 15. PMID: 25488336.

• Shimonovich S, Gigi R, Shapira A, Sarig-Meth T, Nadav D, Rozenek M, West D, Halpern P. Intranasal ketamine for acute traumatic pain in the Emergency Department: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. BMC Emerg Med. 2016 Nov 9;16(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s12873-016-0107-0. PMID: 27829367; PMCID: PMC5103427.

• Motov S, Mann S, Drapkin J, Butt M, Likourezos A, Yetter E, Brady J, Rothberger N, Gohel A, Flom P, Mai M, Fromm C, Marshall J. Intravenous subdissociative-dose ketamine versus morphine for acute geriatric pain in the Emergency Department: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;37(2):220-227. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.030. Epub 2018 May 16. PMID: 29807629.

• BinKharfi M, AlSagre A. BET 2: Safety and efficacy of low-dose ketamine versus opioids for acute pain management in the ED. Emerg Med J. 2019 Feb;36(2):128-129. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2019-208441.2. PMID: 30696780.
• Miller JP, Schauer SG, Ganem VJ, Bebarta VS. Low-dose ketamine vs morphine for acute pain in the ED: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;33(3):402-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.12.058. Epub 2015 Jan 7. PMID: 25624076.

Opioids

• Birnbaum A, Esses D, Bijur PE, Holden L, Gallagher EJ. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of two intravenous morphine dosages (0.10 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg) in emergency department patients with moderate to severe acute pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Apr;49(4):445-53, 453.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.030. Epub 2006 Sep 15. PMID: 16978739.
• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Esses D, Barnaby DP, Baer J. Effect of a Single Dose of Oral Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics on Acute Extremity Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Nov 7;318(17):1661-1667. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.16190. PMID: 29114833; PMCID: PMC5818795.

• Miner JR, Kletti C, Herold M, Hubbard D, Biros MH. Randomized clinical trial of nebulized fentanyl citrate versus i.v. fentanyl citrate in children presenting to the emergency department with acute pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2007 Oct;14(10):895-8. doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.06.036. PMID: 17898251.

• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Meyer RH, Kenny MK, Solorzano C, Gallagher EJ. Safety and efficacy of hydromorphone as an analgesic alternative to morphine in acute pain: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Aug;48(2):164-72. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.005. Epub 2006 Apr 27. PMID: 16857467.

• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Lupow JB, Gallagher EJ. Randomized clinical trial of the 2 mg hydromorphone bolus protocol versus the “1+1” hydromorphone titration protocol in treatment of acute, severe pain in the first hour of emergency department presentation. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Oct;62(4):304-10. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.02.023. Epub 2013 May 18. PMID: 23694801.

• Jalili M, Fathi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Zehtabchi S. Sublingual buprenorphine in acute pain management: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Apr;59(4):276-80. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.10.021. Epub 2011 Nov 23. PMID: 22115823.

• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Davitt M, Gallagher EJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing a patient-driven titration protocol of intravenous hydromorphone with traditional physician-driven management of emergency department patients with acute severe pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Oct;54(4):561-567.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.05.003. Epub 2009 Jun 28. PMID: 19560838.

• Murphy AP, Hughes M, Mccoy S, Crispino G, Wakai A, O’Sullivan R. Intranasal fentanyl for the prehospital management of acute pain in children. Eur J Emerg Med. 2017 Dec;24(6):450-454. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000389. PMID: 26982205.

• Tsze DS, Pan SS, DePeter KC, Wagh AM, Gordon SL, Dayan PS. Intranasal hydromorphone for treatment of acute pain in children: A pilot study. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Jun;37(6):1128-1132. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.013. Epub 2019 Mar 13. PMID: 30902361.

• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Davitt M, Gallagher EJ. Randomized clinical trial of an intravenous hydromorphone titration protocol versus usual care for management of acute pain in older emergency department patients. Drugs Aging. 2013 Sep;30(9):747-54. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0103-y. PMID: 23846749; PMCID: PMC3758665.

• Bijur PE, Mills AM, Chang AK, White D, Restivo A, Persaud S, Schechter CB, Gallagher EJ, Birnbaum AJ. Comparative Effectiveness of Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Dec;70(6):809-818.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.03.064. PMID: 28601270; PMCID: PMC5698131.

• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Gallagher EJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of a hydromorphone titration protocol to usual care in the management of adult emergency department patients with acute severe pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2011 Oct;58(4):352-9. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.03.003. Epub 2011 Apr 19. PMID: 21507527.

• Grissa MH, Baccouche H, Boubaker H, Beltaief K, Bzeouich N, Fredj N, Msolli MA, Boukef R, Bouida W, Nouira S. Acupuncture vs intravenous morphine in the management of acute pain in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Nov;34(11):2112-2116. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.07.028. Epub 2016 Jul 20. PMID: 27475042.

• Miner JR, Rafique Z, Minkowitz HS, DiDonato KP, Palmer PP. Sufentanil sublingual tablet 30mcg for moderate-to-severe acute pain in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Jun;36(6):954-961. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.058. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29122372.

• Castagno E, Urbino AF, Mancusi RL, Benini F; PIERRE (Pain practice in Italian pediatric emergency departments) Study Group. Opioids are rarely prescribed for children with acute nonprocedural pain in Italian Emergency Departments. Acta Paediatr. 2019 Mar;108(3):566-567. doi: 10.1111/apa.14681. Epub 2019 Jan 9. PMID: 30537003.

• Daoust R, Paquet J, Cournoyer A, Piette É, Morris J, Gosselin S, Émond M, Lavigne G, Lee J, Chauny JM. Quantity of opioids consumed following an emergency department visit for acute pain: a Canadian prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018 Sep 17;8(9):e022649. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022649. PMID: 30224393; PMCID: PMC6144484.

• Abril Ochoa L, Naeem F, White DJ, Bijur PE, Friedman BW. Opioid-induced Euphoria Among Emergency Department Patients With Acute Severe Pain: An Analysis of Data From a Randomized Trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Nov;27(11):1100-1105. doi: 10.1111/acem.13946. Epub 2020 Mar 27. PMID: 32220099.

• Friesgaard KD, Paltved C, Nikolajsen L. Acute pain in the emergency department: Effect of an educational intervention. Scand J Pain. 2017 Apr;15:8-13. doi: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.11.004. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 28850354.

• Bijur PE, Friedman BW, White D, Wollowitz A, Campbell C, Jones MP, Chang AK, Gallagher EJ. Randomized Clinical Trial of Intravenous (IV) Acetaminophen as an Adjunct to IV Hydromorphone for Acute Severe Pain in Emergency Department Patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Aug;27(8):717-724. doi: 10.1111/acem.13947. Epub 2020 Mar 24. PMID: 32077553.
• Craig M, Jeavons R, Probert J, Benger J. Randomised comparison of intravenous paracetamol and intravenous morphine for acute traumatic limb pain in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2012 Jan;29(1):37-9. doi: 10.1136/emj.2010.104687. Epub 2011 Mar 1. PMID: 21362724.

• Lemoel F, Contenti J, Cibiera C, Rapp J, Occelli C, Levraut J. Intranasal sufentanil given in the emergency department triage zone for severe acute traumatic pain: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Intern Emerg Med. 2019 Jun;14(4):571-579. doi: 10.1007/s11739-018-02014-y. Epub 2019 Jan 1. PMID: 30600526.

• Miner JR, Moore J, Gray RO, Skinner L, Biros MH. Oral versus intravenous opioid dosing for the initial treatment of acute musculoskeletal pain in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Dec;15(12):1234-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00266.x. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID: 18945240.

• Chai PR, Carreiro S, Innes BJ, Rosen RK, O’Cleirigh C, Mayer KH, Boyer EW. Digital Pills to Measure Opioid Ingestion Patterns in Emergency Department Patients With Acute Fracture Pain: A Pilot Study. J Med Internet Res. 2017 Jan 13;19(1):e19. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7050. PMID: 28087496; PMCID: PMC5273398.
• Chang AK, Bijur PE, Munjal KG, John Gallagher E. Randomized clinical trial of hydrocodone/acetaminophen versus codeine/acetaminophen in the treatment of acute extremity pain after emergency department discharge. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Mar;21(3):227-35. doi: 10.1111/acem.12331. PMID: 24628747.
• Daoust R, Paquet J, Gosselin S, Lavigne G, Cournoyer A, Piette E, Morris J, Castonguay V, Lessard J, Chauny JM. Opioid Use and Misuse Three Months After Emergency Department Visit for Acute Pain. Acad Emerg Med. 2019 Aug;26(8):847-855. doi: 10.1111/acem.13628. Epub 2019 Jul 18. PMID: 31317619.

Lidocaine

• Tanen DA, Shimada M, Danish DC, Dos Santos F, Makela M, Riffenburgh RH. Intravenous lidocaine for the emergency department treatment of acute radicular low back pain, a randomized controlled trial. J Emerg Med. 2014 Jul;47(1):119-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.12.014. Epub 2014 Apr 24. PMID: 24768290.

Other Non-Opioids

• Moskowitz EE, Garabedian L, Hardin K, Perkins-Pride E, Asfaw M, Preslaski C, Leasia KN, Lawless R, Burlew CC, Pieracci F. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of gabapentin vs. placebo for acute pain management in critically ill patients with rib fractures. Injury. 2018 Sep;49(9):1693-1698. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.06.002. Epub 2018 Jun 9. Erratum in: Injury. 2019 Jul;50(7):1406. PMID: 29934099.

• Bebee B, Taylor DM, Bourke E, Pollack K, Foster L, Ching M, Wong A. The CANBACK trial: a randomised, controlled clinical trial of oral cannabidiol for people presenting to the emergency department with acute low back pain. Med J Aust. 2021 May;214(8):370-375. doi: 10.5694/mja2.51014. Epub 2021 Apr 12. PMID: 33846971.

• Wathen JE, Gao D, Merritt G, Georgopoulos G, Battan FK. A randomized controlled trial comparing a fascia iliaca compartment nerve block to a traditional systemic analgesic for femur fractures in a pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Aug;50(2):162-71, 171.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.09.006. Epub 2007 Jan 8. PMID: 17210208.

• Behrbalk E, Halpern P, Boszczyk BM, Parks RM, Chechik O, Rosen N, Shapira A, Merose O, Uri O. Anxiolytic medication as an adjunct to morphine analgesia for acute low back pain management in the emergency department: a prospective randomized trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Jan 1;39(1):17-22. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000038. PMID: 24270933.

• Friedman BW, Irizarry E, Solorzano C, Zias E, Pearlman S, Wollowitz A, Jones MP, Shah PD, Gallagher EJ. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ibuprofen Plus Metaxalone, Tizanidine, or Baclofen for Acute Low Back Pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Oct;74(4):512-520. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.017. Epub 2019 Apr 5. PMID: 30955985; PMCID: PMC6756993.

• Friedman BW, Dym AA, Davitt M, Holden L, Solorzano C, Esses D, Bijur PE, Gallagher EJ. Naproxen With Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 20;314(15):1572-80. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.13043. PMID: 26501533.

• Clark E, Plint AC, Correll R, Gaboury I, Passi B. A randomized, controlled trial of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine for acute pain relief in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):460-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1347. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2007 Jun;119(6):1271. PMID: 17332198.

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Review Articles, Books, and Journal Chapters

• Abdolrazaghnejad, A., Banaie, M., Tavakoli, N., Safdari, M., & Rajabpour-Sanati, A. (2018). Pain Management in the Emergency Department: a Review Article on Options and Methods. Advanced journal of emergency medicine, 2(4), e45. https://doi.org/10.22114/AJEM.v0i0.93

• Motov S, Strayer R, Hayes BD, Reiter M, Rosenbaum S, Richman M, Repanshek Z, Taylor S, Friedman B, Vilke G, Lasoff D. The Treatment of Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A White Paper Position Statement Prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine. J Emerg Med. 2018 May;54(5):731-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.01.020. Epub 2018 Mar 6. PMID: 29523420.

• Pergolizzi JV, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Breve F, Taylor R, Wollmuth C, Varrassi G. Can NSAIDs and Acetaminophen Effectively Replace Opioid Treatment Options for Acute Pain? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021 Jun;22(9):1119-1126. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1901885. Epub 2021 Jun 14. PMID: 33689517.

• Mazer-Amirshahi M, Motov S, Nelson LS. Hydromorphone use for acute pain: Misconceptions, controversies, and risks. J Opioid Manag. 2018 Jan/Feb;14(1):61-71. doi: 10.5055/jom.2018.0430. PMID: 29508897.

• Sin B, Sikorska G, YauLin J, Bonitto RA, Motov SM. Comparing Nonopioids Versus Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Literature Review. Am J Ther. 2019 Nov 13;28(1):e52-e86. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001098. PMID: 31743114.

• Lee P, Le Saux M, Siegel R, Goyal M, Chen C, Ma Y, Meltzer AC. Racial and ethnic disparities in the management of acute pain in US emergency departments: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Sep;37(9):1770-1777. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.06.014. Epub 2019 Jun 5. PMID: 31186154.

• Balzer N, McLeod SL, Walsh C, Grewal K. Low-dose Ketamine For Acute Pain Control in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2021 Apr;28(4):444-454. doi: 10.1111/acem.14159. Epub 2021 Jan 2. PMID: 33098707.

• Cohen V, Motov S, Rockoff B, Smith A, Fromm C, Bosoy D, Hossain R, Likourezos A, Jellinek-Cohen SP, Marshall J. Development of an opioid reduction protocol in an emergency department. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015 Dec 1;72(23):2080-6. doi: 10.2146/ajhp140903. PMID: 26581934.

• Hwang U, Platts-Mills TF. Acute pain management in older adults in the emergency department. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013 Feb;29(1):151-64. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2012.10.006. PMID: 23177605.

• Motov S, Rosenbaum S, Vilke GM, Nakajima Y. Is There a Role for Intravenous Subdissociative-Dose Ketamine Administered as an Adjunct to Opioids or as a Single Agent for Acute Pain Management in the Emergency Department? J Emerg Med. 2016 Dec;51(6):752-757. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.07.087. Epub 2016 Sep 29. PMID: 27693070.

• Pourmand A, Jasani G, Shay C, Mazer-Amirshahi M. The Evolving Landscape of Acute Pain Management in the Era of the Opioid Crisis. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018 Aug 27;22(11):73. doi: 10.1007/s11916-018-0728-y. PMID: 30151792.

• Garbez R, Puntillo K. Acute musculoskeletal pain in the emergency department: a review of the literature and implications for the advanced practice nurse. AACN Clin Issues. 2005 Jul-Sep;16(3):310-9. doi: 10.1097/00044067-200507000-00005. PMID: 16082234.

• Hwang U, Richardson LD, Harris B, Morrison RS. The quality of emergency department pain care for older adult patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Nov;58(11):2122-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03152.x. PMID: 21054293; PMCID: PMC3058876.

• Bounes V, Jouanjus E, Roussin A, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Acute pain management for patients under opioid maintenance treatment: what physicians do in emergency departments? Eur J Emerg Med. 2014 Feb;21(1):73-6. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328363c9e0. PMID: 23872995.

• Derry S, Moore RA, Gaskell H, McIntyre M, Wiffen PJ. Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 11;2015(6):CD007402. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007402.pub3. PMID: 26068955; PMCID: PMC6426435.

• E Silva LOJ, Scherber K, Cabrera D, Motov S, Erwin PJ, West CP, Murad MH, Bellolio MF. Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Pain Management in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Ann Emerg Med. 2018 Aug;72(2):135-144.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.12.014. Epub 2018 Feb 1. PMID: 29395284.

• Sin B, Ternas T, Motov SM. The use of subdissociative-dose ketamine for acute pain in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;22(3):251-7. doi: 10.1111/acem.12604. Epub 2015 Feb 25. PMID: 25716117.

• Duncan C, Riley B. BET 2: Low-dose ketamine for acute pain in the ED. Emerg Med J. 2016 Dec;33(12):892-893. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2016-206440.2. PMID: 27864394.

• Lee EN, Lee JH. The Effects of Low-Dose Ketamine on Acute Pain in an Emergency Setting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 27;11(10):e0165461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165461. PMID: 27788221; PMCID: PMC5082866.

• Sin B, Wiafe J, Ciaramella C, Valdez L, Motov SM. The use of intranasal analgesia for acute pain control in the emergency department: A literature review. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Feb;36(2):310-318. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.11.043. Epub 2017 Nov 20. PMID: 29239753.

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Medical Blogs

• A Randomized Control Trial Comparing Oral Ibuprofen at Three Single-Dose Regimens for Treating Acute Pain in the ED- https://rebelem.com/a-randomized-control-trial-comparing-oral-ibuprofen-at-three-single-dose-regimens-for-treating-acute-pain-in-the-ed/
• Acetaminophen vs. Diclofenac vs. Combo for Acute MSK Pain- https://rebelem.com/acetaminophen-vs-diclofenac-vs-combo-for-acute-msk-pain/
• Ketorolac for Acute MSK Pain: 15mg IM vs 60mg IM – https://rebelem.com/ketorolac-for-msk-pain-15mg-im-vs-60mg-im/
• Effectiveness of Diazepam Adjunct Therapy in Acute Low Back Pain – https://rebelem.com/effectiveness-of-diazepam-adjunct-therapy-in-acute-low-back-pain/

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Podcasts

• REBEL Cast Episode 49: Pediatric Pain Management Pearls with Sebrina Perkins – https://rebelem.com/rebel-cast-episode-49-pediatric-pain-management-pearls-with-sebrina-perkins/

• Abstract 10: Randomized Trial of 5 Oral Analgesics for Treatment of Acute Pain- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema2021april/abstract10

• The Treatment Of Acute Low Back Pain: Bed Rest, Exercises, Or Ordinary Activity?- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-1995-6/abstract27

• Intranasal Sufentanil For The Treatment Of Acute Pain In A Winter Resort Clinic- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2013-6/abstract22

• Comparison Of Oxycodone And Hydrocodone For The Treatment Of Acute Pain Associated With Fractures- https://www.emrap.org/episode/pcma-2005-8/abstract26

• Abstract 9: Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute MSK Pain- https://www.emrap.org/episode/rop2021may/abstract9

• Paper Chase 2 – Ketamine For Pain- https://www.emrap.org/episode/feb2016emrap/paperchase2

• Time To Talk A Little Nerdy: Acute and Chronic Back Pain in the ED- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema2018february/timetotalka

• Ketorolac In The Treatment Of Acute Pain: The Pendulum Swings- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-1992-11/abstract30

• Buprenorphine- https://www.emrap.org/episode/september/buprenorphine

• The Analgesic Efficacy Of Ketorolac For Acute Pain- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-1996-6/abstract31

• Is There An Ideal Morphine Dose For Prehospital Treatment Of Severe Acute Pain? A Randomized, Double-blind Comparison Of 2 Doses- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2008-9/abstract28
• Ibuprofen Provides Analgesia Equivalent To Acetaminophen-codeine In The Treatment Of Acute Pain In Children With Extremity Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2010-2/abstract28
• Ibuprofen Provides Analgesia Equivalent To Acetaminophen-codeine In The Treatment Of Acute Pain In Children With Extremity Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial- https://www.emrap.org/episode/pcma-2010-2/abstract26
• Sufentanil Is Not Superior To Morphine For The Treatment Of Acute Traumatic Pain In An Emergency Setting: A Randomized, Double-blind, Out-of-hospital Trial- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2011-4/abstract23

• Intranasal Fentanyl For The Management Of Acute Pain In Children (Review)- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2015-12/abstract24

• Abstract 21 – Ketamine as Adjunct in Acute Pain Management- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema2017december/abstract21

• The Use Of Intravenous Acetaminophen For Acute Pain In The Emergency Department- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2016-10/abstract21

• The Use Of Subdissociative-dose Ketamine For Acute Pain In The Emergency Department- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2015-6/abstract24

• Acupuncture Vs Intravenous Morphine In The Management Of Acute Pain In The ED- https://www.emrap.org/episode/ema-2017-6/abstract26