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  • Total body water content averages 50-60% in healthy adults

“60% of total body water is intracellular and 40% is extracellular”


Sodium Balance – Addition of Solute


Sodium Balance – Addition of Water


Kidney Sodium Handling

  • Average diet contains ~900 mOsm/day
  • Urine can be maximally diluted to ~50 mOsm/L and maximally concentrated to ~1200 mOsm/L
    • Urine output from a healthy kidney can vary from 0.75 – 18 L/day (900/1200 – 900/50)
  • Concentration largely governed by vasopressin

“Kidney tries to maintain normal plasma osmolarity”