Cardiology 101
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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Pharmacotherapy: A Focus on STEMI10 Topics|3 Quizzes-
Pre-Quiz for STEMI Pharmcotherapy
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Background in STEMI
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Diagnostic Evaluation in STEMI
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Antiplatelet Therapy in STEMI
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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in STEMI
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Anticoagulants in STEMI
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Ancillary Therapies in STEMI
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Reperfusion Therapies in STEMI
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Literature Review: STEMI Pharmacotherapy
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Summary and Key Points in STEMI
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Pre-Quiz for STEMI Pharmcotherapy
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HypertensionHypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management11 Topics|3 Quizzes
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Pre-Quiz: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Introduction: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Clinical Presentation: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Pathophysiology: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Diagnostic Approach: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Management – Overview: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Hypertensive Urgency Pharmacotherapy
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Hypertensive Emergency Pharmacotherapy
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Literature Review: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Summary: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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References and Bibliography: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Pre-Quiz: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency Management
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Chronic Hypertension Pharmacotherapy10 Topics|3 Quizzes
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Heart FailureAcute Decompensated Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy10 Topics|3 Quizzes
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Chronic Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy10 Topics|3 Quizzes
Quizzes
Participants 363
Instructions for your final exam:
- Before the exam:
- Make sure you have a stable internet connection and a quiet environment to minimize distractions.
- Review your notes, textbooks, and any relevant materials provided throughout the course.
- Identify areas where you feel less confident and allocate more study time to those topics.
- Prepare any necessary materials, such as calculators or formulas, if they are allowed during the exam.
- During the exam:
- Read all the instructions and questions carefully to understand what is being asked.
- Allocate your time wisely. With 30 questions in 45 minutes, aim to spend approximately 1.5 minutes per question.
- If you encounter a challenging question, consider marking it and coming back to it later if you have time.
- Answer each question to the best of your ability. If you are unsure, make an educated guess rather than leaving it blank.
- Try to maintain a steady pace, but don’t rush. Stay focused and avoid spending too much time on a single question.
- Retake opportunities:
- If you are not satisfied with your initial score, you have two retake opportunities.
- Use your retakes strategically. Identify areas where you made mistakes or struggled during the first attempt and focus your studying on those areas.
- Reflect on your performance on the initial exam and adjust your study approach accordingly.
- Take advantage of any feedback or resources provided by your instructor to improve your understanding of the material.
Remember, while exams can be challenging, they are also an opportunity to demonstrate your knowledge and skills. Stay confident, believe in yourself, and give it your best effort. Good luck!
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Question 1 of 30
1. Question
L.T., a 68-year-old male, presents to the emergency department with a 4-hour history of chest pain. His ECG reveals ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads. Upon further history, you discover that he had an ischemic stroke 2 months ago. A CT scan of the head at that time did not show any hemorrhage.
Question: Given L.T.’s history of a recent ischemic stroke, is he a candidate for fibrinolytic therapy?
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Question 2 of 30
2. Question
FM is a 42-year-old male (87 kg) who presents to the ED with severe headache and hypertension (212/122 mmHg). He has been diagnosed with high blood pressure in the past but is not currently on any medication. A stat head CT shows no sign of intracranial pathology. Labs are drawn and his BMP is normal, except for a SCr of 2.1. His baseline SCr was 0.8 a year ago, and he denies any history of renal dysfunction. Based on his current situation, which of the following represents the best initial goals for reducing FM’s blood pressure?
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Question 3 of 30
3. Question
A 55-year-old male presents to the clinic with a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg. He has a history of hypertension for the past 10 years and has been taking lisinopril 20 mg daily for the past 5 years. He denies any symptoms, is allergic to chlorthalidone, and his physical exam is unremarkable. His laboratory values are within normal limits. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient’s hypertension?
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Question 4 of 30
4. Question
A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling. Physical examination reveals elevated jugular venous pressure, bibasilar crackles, and peripheral edema. Chest X-ray shows cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion. Labs reveal elevated BNP levels and renal dysfunction. The patient is diagnosed with acute decompensated heart failure and admitted to the hospital.
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Question 5 of 30
5. Question
A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease presents to the clinic with complaints of shortness of breath and fatigue. On physical examination, he has bilateral lower extremity edema and jugular venous distension. His labs show an elevated BNP level and an ejection fraction of 30%. An echocardiogram reveals left ventricular dilation and dysfunction. What is the recommended target dose and titration schedule for carvedilol in the management of chronic heart failure?
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Question 6 of 30
6. Question
BL is a 78-year-old female (67kg) who arrives at the Emergency Department (ED) experiencing difficulty breathing and coughing up pink foam. She has a history of high blood pressure but hasn’t taken her prescribed medications (lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide) for several days. BL believes her blood pressure escalated due to stress from her family and an unusual diet filled with rich foods, but her difficulty breathing worsened rapidly within the last couple of hours. Upon examination, her blood pressure is 220/146, RR 34, O2 saturation 86% on room air, and her work of breathing is visibly increased. The physician believes that BL has Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE). The respiratory therapist places BL on BiPAP, and the physician asks for your recommendation regarding medication therapies. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation for BL?
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Question 7 of 30
7. Question
A 63-year-old female with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents to the emergency room with sudden onset of dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. On examination, she has rales in both lung fields, elevated jugular venous pressure (JVP), and an S3 heart sound. Based on her presentation and findings, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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Question 8 of 30
8. Question
A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and chronic heart failure presents to the clinic with worsening shortness of breath and fatigue. His current medications include lisinopril 20mg daily, metformin 1000mg twice daily, and furosemide 40mg daily. His blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, heart rate is 80 beats per minute, and respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute. His physical exam is significant for bilateral crackles in the lung bases and peripheral edema. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacologic therapy for the management of chronic heart failure in this patient?
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Question 9 of 30
9. Question
A 60-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a history of hypertension. She reports that she has been taking lisinopril 10mg daily for the past year, but her blood pressure has not been well controlled. Her current blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. She has a past medical history of hyperlipidemia and is currently taking atorvastatin 20mg daily. She denies any history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Her family history is significant for hypertension in both parents. What is the appropriate initial treatment for this patient’s uncontrolled hypertension?
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Question 10 of 30
10. Question
A 55-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and high cardiovascular risk presents to your clinic. His current blood pressure is 145/85 mm Hg. Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline and other evidence, what should be the target blood pressure goal for this patient?
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Question 11 of 30
11. Question
V.L., a 59-year-old male with a BMI of 32, is diagnosed with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). He is started on clopidogrel, an antiplatelet agent. On review of his medication list, you note that he is also taking omeprazole for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and atorvastatin for hyperlipidemia. His liver function tests are within normal limits.
Question: Given V.L.’s current medications, what major drug interaction should be considered regarding clopidogrel?
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Question 12 of 30
12. Question
Mr. S is a 52-year-old male with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a 30-pack-year smoking history. He comes to the clinic complaining of increasing fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion. Based on his medical history, which condition confers the greatest risk for developing heart failure in Mr. S?
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Question 13 of 30
13. Question
A 55-year-old patient with chest pain is admitted to the emergency department. His ECG results are consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. As part of the treatment plan, the medical team has decided to initiate nitroglycerin therapy. Before this, which of the following medications should be checked in the patient’s medication history to avoid potentially lethal interactions?
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Question 14 of 30
14. Question
Mrs. L, a 65-year-old female, presents with complaints of exertional dyspnea. She has a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation. Her ECG reveals left ventricular hypertrophy, and her echocardiogram shows an ejection fraction of 58%. Based on her findings, which feature is consistent with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
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Question 15 of 30
15. Question
A 67-year-old woman with a known history of heart failure is admitted with severe fatigue, worsening dyspnea, and decreased urine output. Despite optimizing her fluid status and medications, her symptoms persist, and she exhibits signs of poor perfusion. Which clinical finding suggests the need for positive inotropic therapy in her ADHF?
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Question 16 of 30
16. Question
A 45-year-old male presents to the clinic with a blood pressure reading of 150/90 mmHg. He has no significant past medical history and is not taking any medications. He denies any symptoms such as headache, chest pain, shortness of breath, or visual changes. Physical examination is unremarkable except for elevated blood pressure.
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Question 17 of 30
17. Question
According to the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension guideline, what is the definition of a hypertensive emergency?
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Question 18 of 30
18. Question
In the DOSE trial, what was the comparison made in the study regarding the strategies for diuretic administration in acute decompensated heart failure?
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Question 19 of 30
19. Question
According to the “2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction,” what is the recommended time frame for primary PCI in patients with STEMI at a PCI-capable hospital?
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Question 20 of 30
20. Question
According to the LIFE study published in The Lancet, which medication was found to prevent more cardiovascular morbidity and death than atenolol for a similar reduction in blood pressure?
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Question 21 of 30
21. Question
In the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension guideline, what is the recommended initial goal for BP reduction in patients with a hypertensive emergency?
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Question 22 of 30
22. Question
In the article “Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure,” what was the primary objective of the study?
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Question 23 of 30
23. Question
According to the findings in the article “Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure,” which group showed a significant reduction in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes?
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Question 24 of 30
24. Question
Based on the “2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline,” what is the recommended approach for risk stratification in patients with STEMI?
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Question 25 of 30
25. Question
What was the primary outcome of the INTERACT3 trial?
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Question 26 of 30
26. Question
A 58-year-old female with a previous medical history of hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and myocardial infarction, presents to the emergency department reporting chest pain. She appears anxious with a respiratory rate of 26 breaths per minute, and her blood oxygen saturation reads 89% on room air. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg and a pulse rate of 94 beats per minute. An ECG reveals ST-segment elevation. Due to the lack of facilities for coronary stenting, the managing physician has decided to administer tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Considering that the patient’s weight is 73 kg, what is the generally recommended total dose of alteplase for infusion in this case?
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Question 27 of 30
27. Question
According to the “2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure”, what is the recommended initial treatment for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and volume overload?
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Question 28 of 30
28. Question
In the ACCOMPLISH trial, how were the patients categorized based on their BMI?
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Question 29 of 30
29. Question
According to the CLUE trial, what was the primary outcome and how was it defined?
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Question 30 of 30
30. Question
According to the PLATO trial, how did the rates of overall major bleeding in patients treated with Ticagrelor compare to those treated with Clopidogrel?
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